Introduction to Organic Chemistry

The following topics are covered in this chapter:

Basic concepts
Alkenes
Hydrocarbons from oil
Alcohols
Alkane
Halogenoalkanes

Basic concepts

After studying this section you should be able to:
understand the different types of formula used for organic compound
understand the terms saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon
understand what is meant by structural isomerism
recognise the alkanes and alkyl groups
understand what is meant by a homologous series
recognise common functional groups
apply rules for naming simple organic compounds
understand the difference between homolytic and heterolytic fission
calculate percentage yields

Types of formula

In organic chemistry, there are many ways of representing a formula.

For the compound butane, with 4 carbon atoms and 10 hydrogen atoms:

Carbon chains

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are compounds of carbon and hydrogen only.

A saturated hydrocarbon has single bonds only.

An unsaturated hydrocarbon contains a multiple carbon carbon bond.

Alkanes

Carbon atoms can bond with other carbon atoms to form an enormous range of compounds with different carbon-chain lengths. The simplest organic compounds are a family of saturated hydrocarbons called the alkanes, shown below.

Note the following points.

The name of the alkane ends with –ane.
The prefixes (meth-, eth-, …) are used to represent the number of carbon atoms. You will need to use these many times in organic chemistry and they must be learnt.

General formula

Homologous series

Note that physical properties, such as boiling point and density, do gradually change as the length of the carbon chain increases.

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