Atoms, Bonding and Structure Quiz

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

Ionic compounds have strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions, which require a large amount of energy to break.

In a liquid, the particles are close together but can move past each other, allowing the liquid to flow. They move in random directions but remain in contact.

A giant metallic structure consists of a lattice of positive metal ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons, which allows metals to conduct electricity and have high melting points.

Simple covalent molecules have weak intermolecular forces, which require little energy to overcome, leading to low boiling points.

In graphite, each carbon atom is bonded to only three others, leaving one delocalised electron per atom, which can move and conduct electricity. In diamond, all four outer electrons are used in bonding, so there are no free electrons to carry charge.

Sublimation is the process where a solid changes directly into a gas without passing through the liquid state, e.g., dry ice (solid carbon dioxide).

Noble gases have a full outer electron shell, making them very stable and unreactive as they do not need to gain, lose, or share electrons.

A covalent bond forms when two hydrogen atoms share a pair of electrons so that both atoms achieve a full outer shell (duplet configuration).

Ionic compounds form a giant ionic lattice structure, which gives them high melting and boiling points due to strong electrostatic forces. They can conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water as the ions are free to move.